Table 1

Table 1. Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) population trend classification system.

Classification	No. of Routes	Trend	Sig. of Trend

Definitely increasing	n > 14	Tr > 1%	P < 0.05
	9 < n < 13	Tr > 1%	P < 0.01

Likely increasing	n > 14	Tr > 1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	9 < n < 13	Tr > 1%	0.01 < P < 0.05
	5 < n < 8	Tr > 1%	P < 0.01

Possibly increasing	n > 14	Tr > 1%	P > 0.1
	9 < n < 13	Tr > 1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr > 1%	0.01 < P < 0.05
	1 < n < 4	Tr > 1%	P < 0.01

Increasing tendency	9 < n < 13	Tr > 1%	P > 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr > 1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr > 5%	P > 0.1
	1 < n < 4	Tr > 1%	0.01 < P < 0.05


Definitely decreasing	n > 14	Tr < -1%	P < 0.05
	9 < n < 13	Tr < -1%	P < 0.01

Likely decreasing	n > 14	Tr < -1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	9 < n < 13	Tr < -1%	0.01 < P < 0.05
	5 < n < 8	Tr < -1%	P < 0.01

Possibly decreasing	n > 14	Tr < -1%	P > 0.1
	9 < n < 13	Tr < -1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr < -1%	0.01 < P < 0.05
	1 < n < 4	Tr < -1%	P < 0.01

Decreasing tendency	9 < n < 13	Tr < -1%	P > 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr < -1%	0.05 < P < 0.1
	5 < n < 8	Tr < -5%	P > 0.1
	1 < n < 4	Tr < -1%	0.01 < P < 0.05

Definitely stable	n > 14	-0.5% < Tr < 0.5%	--

Likely stable	n > 14	-1.0% < Tr < 0.5%	--
	n > 14	0.5% < Tr < 1.0%	--

Possibly stable	9 < n < 13	-1.0%< Tr < 1.0%	--

Stable tendency	5 < n < 8	-1.0%< Tr < 1.0%	--

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Table 2. Trend classifications of all species with adequate data for calculating Sierra-wide BBS trends.

Negative Trends	Positive Trends	Stable Trends
Definitely Decreasing:	Definitely Increasing:	Definitely Stable
Band-tailed Pigeon	Cassin’s Vireo	Mountain Quail
Olive-sided Flycatcher		Red-shafted Flicker
Western Wood-Pewee		Hammond’s Flycatcher
Steller’s Jay		Audubon’s Warbler
Mountain Chickadee		Western Tanager
American Robin
Chipping Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Brown-headed Cowbird
Lesser Goldfinch
*Likely Decreasing:*	*Likely Increasing:*	*Likely Stable:*
Golden-crowned Kinglet	Tree Swallow	Hairy Woodpecker
Green-tailed Towhee		Warbling Vireo
Cassin’s Finch		Red-breasted Nuthatch
		Hermit Warbler
		MacGillivray’s Warbler
		Fox Sparrow
*Possibly Decreasing:*	*Possibly Increasing:*	*Possibly Stable:*
Mourning Dove	Anna’s Hummingbird	Barn Swallow
Belted Kingfisher	White-headed Woodpecker	House Wren
Acorn Woodpecker	Dusky Flycatcher	Black-throated Gray Warbler
Red-breasted Sapsucker	Hermit Thrush	Lazuli Bunting
White-breasted Nuthatch	Spotted Towhee	Red-winged Blackbird
Brown Creeper	Red Crossbill
Winter Wren
Townsend’s Solitaire
Orange-crowned Warbler
Nashville Warbler
Yellow Warbler
Black-headed Grosbeak
Brewer’s Blackbird
*Decreasing Tendency:*	*Increasing Tendency:*	*Stable Tendency:*
California Quail	Mallard	Turkey Vulture
Common Nighthawk	Red-tailed Hawk	American Dipper
White-throated Swift	Blue Grouse	Mountain Bluebird
Pileated Woodpecker	Pacific-slope Flycatcher
Violet-green Swallow	Common Raven
Bushtit	Cliff Swallow
Bewick’s Wren	Western Bluebird
Ruby-crowned Kinglet	Wrentit
Swainson’s Thrush	European Starling
Wilson’s Warbler	Song Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
Purple Finch
Pine Siskin
Evening Grosbeak

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Table 3. Species with statistically significant Sierra-wide BBS population trends.

Species	Trend (% change/ yr)	Signif. Level¹	No. of Routes
*Decreasing Trends*
Band-tailed Pigeon	-5.69	***	14
Mourning Dove	-4.28	*	13
Belted Kingfisher	-19.16	***	4
Acorn Woodpecker	-5.34	**	7
Olive-sided Flycatcher	-3.75	***	17
Western Wood-Pewee	-2.87	***	17
Steller’s Jay	-1.73	**	17
Mountain Chickadee	-1.89	**	16
Winter Wren	-5.00	**	7
Golden-crowned Kinglet	-4.02	*	17
American Robin	-3.07	***	17
Green-tailed Towhee	-3.88	**	12
Chipping Sparrow	-6.29	***	16
White-crowned Sparrow	-8.82	**	4
Dark-eyed Junco	-2.80	**	17
Brown-headed Cowbird	-4.85	***	15
Cassin’s Finch	-3.06	*	14
Lesser Goldfinch	-6.80	***	9
Increasing Trends
Anna’s Hummingbird	+62.32	*	9
Cassin’s Vireo	+3.98	**	16
Tree Swallow	+6.13	**	12
Red Crossbill	+5.91	*	7

^{1* = p < 0.1, ** = p < 0.05, *** = p
< 0.01.}

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^{Table 4. Species that depend
critically on montane meadow habitat in the Sierra.}

Species	BBS trend
Great Gray Owl	insufficient data
Long-eared Owl	insufficient data
Vaux’s Swift	insufficient data
Belted Kingfisher	possibly decreasing
Red-naped Sapsucker	insufficient data
Red-breasted Sapsucker	possibly decreasing
Willow Flycatcher	insufficient data
Tree Swallow	likely increasing
Northern Rough-winged Swallow	insufficient data
House Wren	possibly stable
Swainson’s Thrush	decreasing tendency
American Robin	definitely decreasing
Orange-crowned Warbler	possibly decreasing
Nashville Warbler	possibly decreasing
Yellow Warbler	possibly decreasing
MacGillivray’s Warbler	likely stable
Wilson’s Warbler	decreasing tendency
Chipping Sparrow	definitely decreasing
Song Sparrow	increasing tendency
Lincoln’s Sparrow	insufficient data
White-crowned Sparrow	decreasing tendency
Lazuli Bunting	possibly stable

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Table 5. Species that are strongly associated with montane meadow habitat, but cannot be said to depend critically on it.

Species	BBS trend
Dusky Flycatcher	possibly increasing
Black Phoebe	insufficient data
Warbling Vireo	likely stable
Western Bluebird	increasing tendency
Mountain Bluebird	stable tendency
Vesper Sparrow	insufficient data
Sage Sparrow	insufficient data
Grasshopper Sparrow	insufficient data
Dark-eyed Junco	definitely decreasing
Red-winged Blackbird	possibly stable
Western Meadowlark	insufficient data
Pine Grosbeak	insufficient data
Purple Finch	decreasing tendency
Cassin’s Finch	likely decreasing
Lesser Goldfinch	definitely decreasing

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Table 6. Species that depend critically on late successional/old growth forest.

Species	BBS trend

Northern Goshawk	insufficient data
Spotted Owl	insufficient data
Vaux’s Swift	insufficient data
White-headed Woodpecker	possibly increasing
Pileated Woodpecker	decreasing tendency
Red-breasted Nuthatch	likely stable
Pygmy Nuthatch	insufficient data
Brown Creeper	possibly decreasing
Winter Wren	possible decreasing
Hermit Warbler	likely stable
Purple Finch	decreasing tendency
Cassin’s Finch	likely decreasing
Evening Grosbeak	decreasing tendency

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Table 7. Species that substantially utilize late successional/old growth forest, but cannot be said to depend critically on it.

Species	BBS trend

Blue Grouse	increasing tendency
Band-tailed Pigeon	definitely decreasing
Flammulated Owl	insufficient data
Northern Pygmy Owl	insufficient data
Long-eared Owl	insufficient data
Northern Saw-whet Owl	insufficient data
Red-naped Sapsucker	insufficient data
Red-breasted Sapsucker	probably decreasing
Williamson’s Sapsucker	insufficient data
Hairy Woodpecker	likely stable
Black-backed Woodpecker	insufficient data
Olive-sided Flycatcher	definitely decreasing
Willow Flycatcher	insufficient data
Hammond’s Flycatcher	definitely stable
Steller’s Jay	definitely decreasing
Tree Swallow	likely increasing
Chestnut-backed Chickadee	insufficient data
White-breasted Nuthatch	likely stable
Golden-crowned Kinglet	likely decreasing
Hermit Thrush	possibly increasing
Varied Thrush	insufficient data

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Table 8. Species that depend critically on oaks or oak woodland.

Species	BBS trend

Band-tailed Pigeon	definitely decreasing
Flammulated Owl	insufficient data
Western Screech-Owl	insufficient data
Anna’s Hummingbird	possibly increasing
Acorn Woodpecker	possibly decreasing
Nuttall’s Woodpecker	insufficient data
Ash-throated Flycatcher	insufficient data
Cassin’s Vireo	definitely increasing
Hutton’s Vireo	insufficient data
Steller’s Jay	definitely decreasing
Scrub Jay	insufficient data
Oak Titmouse	insufficient data
White-breasted Nuthatch	possibly decreasing
House Wren	possibly stable
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher	insufficient data
Western Bluebird	increasing tendency
Phainopepla	insufficient data
Orange-crowned Warbler	possibly decreasing
Nashville Warbler	possibly decreasing
B.-throated Gray Warbler	possibly stable
Black-headed Grosbeak	possibly decreasing
Bullock’s Oriole	insufficient data
Lesser Goldfinch	definitely decreasing
Lawrence’s Goldfinch	insufficient data

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Table 9. Species that substantially utilize oaks or oak woodland but cannot be said to depend critically on them.

Species	BBS trend

California Quail	decreasing tendency
Bushtit	decreasing tendency
Bewick’s Wren	decreasing tendency
Spotted Towhee	possibly increasing
Lazuli Bunting	possibly stable
Purple Finch	decreasing tendency

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Table 10. Explanation of classification system for migratory status of Sierra bird species (after DeSante 1995).

Migratory Status	Code	Description
Resident	R	Year-round resident in the Sierra; most populations are sedentary.
Resident/short-distance migrant	R-SDM	Year-round resident in at least part of the Sierra, but migration to lower levels or movement out of the Sierra is apparent in at least some years.
Short-distance migrant	SDM	Most Sierra populations are migratory but winter at temperate latitudes in the U.S. or northern Mexico.
Short-distance/Neotropical migrant	SD-NTM	Most populations are migratory and winter regularly in both temperate and tropical latitudes. In many cases it is unclear exactly where Sierra populations winter.
Neotropical migrant	NTM	Most Sierra populations winter in tropical latitudes.

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